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Calvin, a grey-hat hacker, targets a web application that has design flaws in its authentication mechanism. He enumerates usernames from the login form of the web application, which requests users to feed data and specifies the incorrect field in case of invalid credentials. Later, Calvin uses this information to perform social engineering.
Which of the following design flaws in the authentication mechanism is exploited by Calvin?
Josh has finished scanning a network and has discovered multiple vulnerable services. He knows that several of these usually have protections against external sources but are frequently susceptible to internal users. He decides to draft an email, spoof the sender as the internal IT team, and attach a malicious file disguised as a financial spreadsheet. Before Josh sends the email, he decides to investigate other methods of getting the file onto the system. For this particular attempt, what was the last stage of the cyber kill chain that Josh performed?
A government agency trains a group of cybersecurity experts to carry out covert cyber missions against foreign threats and gather intelligence without being detected. These experts work exclusively for national interests. What classification best describes them?
While evaluating a smart card implementation, a security analyst observes that an attacker is measuring fluctuations in power consumption and timing variations during encryption operations on the chip. The attacker uses this information to infer secret keys used within the device. What type of exploitation is being carried out?
You are tasked to configure the DHCP server to lease the last 100 usable IP addresses in subnet 10.1.4.0/23. Which of the following IP addresses could be leased as a result of the new configuration?
Let's imagine three companies (A, B, and C), all competing in a challenging global environment.
Company A and B are working together in developing a product that will generate a major competitive advantage for them.
Company A has a secure DNS server while company B has a DNS server vulnerable to spoofing.
With a spoofing attack on the DNS server of company B, company C gains access to outgoing e-mails from company B.
How do you prevent DNS spoofing?
You have successfully comprised a server having an IP address of 10.10.0.5. You would like to enumerate all machines in the same network quickly.
What is the best Nmap command you will use?
How is the public key distributed in an orderly, controlled fashion so that the users can be sure of the sender’s identity?
A penetration tester suspects that the web application's "Order History" page is vulnerable to SQL injection because it displays user orders based on an unprotected user ID parameter in the URL. What is the most appropriate approach to test this?
During the enumeration phase. Lawrence performs banner grabbing to obtain information such as OS details and versions of services running. The service that he enumerated runs directly on TCP port 445.
Which of the following services is enumerated by Lawrence in this scenario?
Given below are different steps involved in the vulnerability-management life cycle:
Remediation
Identify assets and create a baseline
Verification
Monitor
Vulnerability scan
Risk assessment
Identify the correct sequence of steps involved in vulnerability management.
Peter is surfing the internet looking for information about DX Company. Which hacking process is Peter doing?
Your network infrastructure is under a SYN flood attack. The attacker has crafted an automated botnet to
simultaneously send 's' SYN packets per second to the server. You have put measures in place to manage ‘f
SYN packets per second, and the system is designed to deal with this number without any performance issues.
If 's' exceeds ‘f', the network infrastructure begins to show signs of overload. The system's response time
increases exponentially (24k), where 'k' represents each additional SYN packet above the ff limit. Now, considering 's=500' and different 'f values, in which scenario is the server most likely to experience overload and significantly increased response times?
A security analyst uses Zenmap to perform an ICMP timestamp ping scan to acquire information related to the current time from the target host machine.
Which of the following Zenmap options must the analyst use to perform the ICMP timestamp ping scan?
A certified ethical hacker is conducting a Whois footprinting activity on a specific domain. The individual is leveraging various tools such as Batch IP Converter and Whols Analyzer Pro to retrieve vital details but is unable to gather complete Whois information from the registrar for a particular set of data. As the hacker, what might be the probable data model being utilized by the domain's registrar for storing and looking up
Who is information?
As a securing consultant, what are some of the things you would recommend to a company to ensure DNS security?
An organization has automated the operation of critical infrastructure from a remote location. For this purpose, all the industrial control systems are connected to the Internet. To empower the manufacturing process, ensure the reliability of industrial networks, and reduce downtime and service disruption, the organization deckled to install an OT security tool that further protects against security incidents such as cyber espionage, zero-day attacks, and malware. Which of the following tools must the organization employ to protect its critical infrastructure?
A large e-commerce organization is planning to implement a vulnerability assessment solution to enhance its security posture. They require a solution that imitates the outside view of attackers, performs well-organized inference-based testing, scans automatically against continuously updated databases, and supports multiple networks. Given these requirements, which type of vulnerability assessment solution would be most appropriate?
What would be the purpose of running "wget 192.168.0.15 -q -S" against a web server?
Daniel Is a professional hacker who Is attempting to perform an SQL injection attack on a target website. www.movlescope.com. During this process, he encountered an IDS that detects SQL Injection attempts based on predefined signatures. To evade any comparison statement, he attempted placing characters such as ‘ 'or '1'='1" In any bask injection statement such as "or 1=1." Identify the evasion technique used by Daniel in the above scenario.
Mason, a professional hacker, targets an organization and spreads Emotet malware through malicious script. After infecting the victim's device. Mason further used Emotet to spread the infection across local networks and beyond to compromise as many machines as possible. In this process, he used a tool, which is a self-extracting RAR file, to retrieve information related to network resources such as writable share drives. What is the tool employed by Mason in the above scenario?
A penetration tester is tasked with scanning a network protected by an IDS and firewall that actively blocks connection attempts on non-standard ports. The tester needs to gather information on the target system without triggering alarms. Which technique should the tester use to evade detection?
When you are getting information about a web server, it is very important to know the HTTP Methods (GET, POST, HEAD, PUT, DELETE, TRACE) that are available because there are two critical methods (PUT and DELETE). PUT can upload a file to the server and DELETE can delete a file from the server. You can detect all these methods (GET, POST, HEAD, DELETE, PUT, TRACE) using NMAP script engine. What Nmap script will help you with this task?
Log monitoring tools performing behavioral analysis have alerted several suspicious logins on a Linux server occurring during non-business hours. After further examination of all login activities, it is noticed that none of the logins have occurred during typical work hours. A Linux administrator who is investigating this problem realizes the system time on the Linux server is wrong by more than twelve hours. What protocol used on Linux servers to synchronize the time has stopped working?
Larry, a security professional in an organization, has noticed some abnormalities In the user accounts on a web server. To thwart evolving attacks, he decided to harden the security of the web server by adopting a countermeasures to secure the accounts on the web server.
Which of the following countermeasures must Larry implement to secure the user accounts on the web server?
A penetration tester is assessing a company's HR department for vulnerability to social engineering attacks using knowledge of recruitment and onboarding processes. What is the most effective technique to obtain network access credentials without raising suspicion?
Under what conditions does a secondary name server request a zone transfer from a primary name server?
Garry is a network administrator in an organization. He uses SNMP to manage networked devices from a remote location. To manage nodes in the network, he uses MIB. which contains formal descriptions of all network objects managed by SNMP. He accesses the contents of MIB by using a web browser either by entering the IP address and Lseries.mlb or by entering the DNS library name and Lseries.mlb. He is currently retrieving information from an MIB that contains object types for workstations and server services. Which of the following types of MIB is accessed by Garry in the above scenario?
Sam is a penetration tester hired by Inception Tech, a security organization. He was asked to perform port scanning on a target host in the network. While performing the given task, Sam sends FIN/ACK probes and determines that an RST packet is sent in response by the target host, indicating that the port is closed.
What is the port scanning technique used by Sam to discover open ports?
An ethical hacker needs to gather detailed information about a company's internal network without initiating any direct interaction that could be logged or raise suspicion. Which approach should be used to obtain this information covertly?
You start performing a penetration test against a specific website and have decided to start by grabbing all the links from the main page.
What is the best Linux pipe to achieve your milestone?
SQL injection (SQLi) attacks attempt to inject SQL syntax into web requests, which may Bypass authentication and allow attackers to access and/or modify data attached to a web application.
Which of the following SQLI types leverages a database server's ability to make DNS requests to pass data to an attacker?
During a red team engagement, an ethical hacker is tasked with testing the security measures of an organization's wireless network. The hacker needs to select an appropriate tool to carry out a session hijacking attack. Which of the following tools should the hacker use to effectively perform session hijacking and subsequent security analysis, given that the target wireless network has the Wi-Fi Protected Access-preshared key (WPA-PSK) security protocol in place?
During a UDP service enumeration scan, the tester sees that some ports respond with ICMP Type 3 Code 3 (Port Unreachable), while most remain silent. No firewall or IDS is interfering. What can the tester conclude about the non-responsive ports?
You just set up a security system in your network. In what kind of system would you find the following string of characters used as a rule within its configuration?
alert tcp any any -> 192.168.100.0/24 21 (msg: “FTP on the network!”;)
Bill is a network administrator. He wants to eliminate unencrypted traffic inside his company's network. He decides to setup a SPAN port and capture all traffic to the datacenter. He immediately discovers unencrypted traffic in port UDP 161. what protocol is this port using and how can he secure that traffic?
John, a security analyst working for an organization, found a critical vulnerability on the organization's LAN that allows him to view financial and personal information about the rest of the employees. Before reporting the vulnerability, he examines the information shown by the vulnerability for two days without disclosing any information to third parties or other internal employees. He does so out of curiosity about the other employees and may take advantage of this information later.
What would John be considered as?
Firewalk has just completed the second phase (the scanning phase), and a technician receives the output shown below. What conclusions can be drawn based on these scan results?
TCP port 21 no response
TCP port 22 no response
TCP port 23 Time-to-live exceeded
Which address translation scheme would allow a single public IP address to always correspond to a single machine on an internal network, allowing "server publishing"?
A penetration tester evaluates a company's susceptibility to advanced social engineering attacks targeting its executive team. Using detailed knowledge of recent financial audits and ongoing projects, the tester crafts a highly credible pretext to deceive executives into revealing their network credentials. What is the most effective social engineering technique the tester should employ to obtain the necessary credentials without raising suspicion?
An ethical hacker is testing a web application of a financial firm. During the test, a 'Contact Us' form's input field is found to lack proper user input validation, indicating a potential Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability. However, the application has a stringent Content Security Policy (CSP) disallowing inline scripts and scripts from external domains but permitting scripts from its own domain. What would be the hacker's next step to confirm the XSS vulnerability?
A penetration tester is assessing a company’s vulnerability to advanced social engineering attacks targeting its legal department. Using detailed knowledge of mergers and legal proceedings, the tester crafts a highly credible pretext to deceive legal employees into sharing confidential case documents. What is the most effective technique?
Ralph, a professional hacker, targeted Jane, who had recently bought new systems for her company. After a few days, Ralph contacted Jane while masquerading as a legitimate customer support executive, informing that her systems need to be serviced for proper functioning and that customer support will send a computer technician. Jane promptly replied positively. Ralph entered Jane's company using this opportunity and gathered sensitive information by scanning terminals for passwords, searching for important documents in desks, and rummaging bins. What is the type of attack technique Ralph used on jane?
Clark is a professional hacker. He created and configured multiple domains pointing to the same host to switch quickly between the domains and avoid detection.
Identify the behavior of the adversary In the above scenario.
What type of analysis is performed when an attacker has partial knowledge of inner-workings of the application?
What kind of detection technique is used in antivirus software that collects data from multiple protected systems and performs analysis in a cloud-based environment?
This kind of password cracking method uses word lists in combination with numbers and special characters:
A company’s Web development team has become aware of a certain type of security vulnerability in their Web software. To mitigate the possibility of this vulnerability being exploited, the team wants to modify the software requirements to disallow users from entering HTML as input into their Web application.
What kind of Web application vulnerability likely exists in their software?
Susan has attached to her company's network. She has managed to synchronize her boss's sessions with that of the file server. She then intercepted his traffic destined for the server, changed it the way she wanted to and then placed it on the server in his home directory.
What kind of attack is Susan carrying on?
Bob, a system administrator at TPNQM SA, concluded one day that a DMZ is not needed if he properly configures the firewall to allow access just to servers/ports, which can have direct internet access, and block the access to workstations.
Bob also concluded that DMZ makes sense just when a stateful firewall is available, which is not the case of TPNQM SA.
In this context, what can you say?
Kate dropped her phone and subsequently encountered an issue with the phone's internal speaker. Thus, she is using the phone's loudspeaker for phone calls and other activities. Bob, an attacker, takes advantage of this vulnerability and secretly exploits the hardware of Kate's phone so that he can monitor the loudspeaker's output from data sources such as voice assistants, multimedia messages, and audio files by using a malicious app to breach speech privacy.
What is the type of attack Bob performed on Kate in the above scenario?
what is the port to block first in case you are suspicious that an loT device has been compromised?
During an internal red team engagement, an operator discovers that TCP port 389 is open on a target system identified as a domain controller. To assess the extent of LDAP exposure, the operator runs the command ldapsearch -h
A penetration tester is tasked with identifying vulnerabilities on a web server running outdated software. The server hosts several web applications and is protected by a basic firewall. Which technique should the tester use to exploit potential server vulnerabilities?
Password cracking programs reverse the hashing process to recover passwords. (True/False.)
A hacker has successfully infected an internet-facing server which he will then use to send junk mail, take part in coordinated attacks, or host junk email content. Which sort of trojan infects this server?
_________ is a type of phishing that targets high-profile executives such as CEOs, CFOs, politicians, and celebrities who have access to confidential and highly valuable information.
Jude, a pen tester working in Keiltech Ltd., performs sophisticated security testing on his company's network infrastructure to identify security loopholes. In this process, he started to circumvent the network protection tools and firewalls used in the company. He employed a technique that can create forged TCP sessions by carrying out multiple SYN, ACK, and RST or FIN packets. Further, this process allowed Jude to execute DDoS attacks that can exhaust the network resources. What is the attack technique used by Jude for finding loopholes in the above scenario?
Which file is a rich target to discover the structure of a website during web-server footprinting?
Kevin, a professional hacker, wants to penetrate CyberTech Inc.’s network. He employed a technique, using which he encoded packets with Unicode characters. The company’s IDS cannot recognize the packet, but the target web server can decode them.
What is the technique used by Kevin to evade the IDS system?
A company’s security policy states that all Web browsers must automatically delete their HTTP browser cookies upon terminating. What sort of security breach is this policy attempting to mitigate?
A penetration tester was assigned to scan a large network range to find live hosts. The network is known for using strict TCP filtering rules on its firewall, which may obstruct common host discovery techniques. The tester needs a method that can bypass these firewall restrictions and accurately identify live systems. What host discovery technique should the tester use?
In an attempt to damage the reputation of a competitor organization, Hailey, a professional hacker, gathers a list of employee and client email addresses and other related information by using various search engines, social networking sites, and web spidering tools. In this process, she also uses an automated tool to gather a list of words from the target website to further perform a brute-force attack on the previously gathered email addresses.
What is the tool used by Hailey for gathering a list of words from the target website?
Morris, a professional hacker, performed a vulnerability scan on a target organization by sniffing the traffic on the network lo identify the active systems, network services, applications, and vulnerabilities. He also obtained the list of the users who are currently accessing the network. What is the type of vulnerability assessment that Morris performed on the target organization?
In your cybersecurity class, you are learning about common security risks associated with web servers. One topic that comes up is the risk posed by using default server settings. Why is using default settings ona web - server considered a security risk, and what would be the best initial step to mitigate this risk?
Harry. a professional hacker, targets the IT infrastructure of an organization. After preparing for the attack, he attempts to enter the target network using techniques such as sending spear-phishing emails and exploiting vulnerabilities on publicly available servers. Using these techniques, he successfully deployed malware on the target system to establish an outbound connection. What is the APT lifecycle phase that Harry is currently executing?
Mike, a security engineer, was recently hired by BigFox Ltd. The company recently experienced disastrous DoS attacks. The management had instructed Mike to build defensive strategies for the company's IT infrastructure to thwart DoS/DDoS attacks. Mike deployed some countermeasures to handle jamming and scrambling attacks. What is the countermeasure Mike applied to defend against jamming and scrambling attacks?
John, a professional hacker, targeted CyberSol Inc., an MNC. He decided to discover the IoT devices connected in the target network that are using default credentials and are vulnerable to various hijacking attacks. For this purpose, he used an automated tool to scan the target network for specific types of IoT devices and detect whether they are using the default, factory-set credentials. What is the tool employed by John in the above scenario?
A well-resourced attacker intends to launch a highly disruptive DDoS attack against a major online retailer. The attacker aims to exhaust all the network resources while keeping their identity concealed. Their method should be resistant to simple defensive measures such as IP-based blocking. Based on these objectives, which of the following attack strategies would be most effective?
Elante company has recently hired James as a penetration tester. He was tasked with performing enumeration on an organization's network. In the process of enumeration, James discovered a service that is accessible to external sources. This service runs directly on port 21.
What is the service enumerated by James in the above scenario?
One of your team members has asked you to analyze the following SOA record.
What is the TTL?
Rutgers.edu. SOA NS1.Rutgers.edu ipad.college.edu (200302028 3600 3600 604800 2400.)
in the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) v3.1 severity ratings, what range does medium vulnerability fall in?
The change of a hard drive failure is once every three years. The cost to buy a new hard drive is $300. It will require 10 hours to restore the OS and software to the new hard disk. It will require a further 4 hours to restore the database from the last backup to the new hard disk. The recovery person earns $10/hour. Calculate the SLE, ARO, and ALE. Assume the EF = 1(100%). What is the closest approximate cost of this replacement and recovery operation per year?
Which among the following is the best example of the third step (delivery) in the cyber kill chain?
A security analyst is preparing to analyze a potentially malicious program believed to have infiltrated an organization's network. To ensure the safety and integrity of the production environment, the analyst decided to use a sheep dip computer for the analysis. Before initiating the analysis, what key step should the analyst
take?
A penetration tester identifies malware on a system that hides its presence and gives an attacker access to administrative functions without being detected. What type of malware is this?
Sarah, a system administrator, was alerted of potential malicious activity on the network of her company. She
discovered a malicious program spread through the instant messenger application used by her team. The
attacker had obtained access to one of her teammate's messenger accounts and started sending files across
the contact list. Which best describes the attack scenario and what measure could have prevented it?
A pen tester is configuring a Windows laptop for a test. In setting up Wireshark, what driver and library are required to allow the NIC to work in promiscuous mode?
in this form of encryption algorithm, every Individual block contains 64-bit data, and three keys are used, where each key consists of 56 bits. Which is this encryption algorithm?
Becky has been hired by a client from Dubai to perform a penetration test against one of their remote offices. Working from her location in Columbus, Ohio, Becky runs her usual reconnaissance scans to obtain basic information about their network. When analyzing the results of her Whois search, Becky notices that the IP was allocated to a location in Le Havre, France. Which regional Internet registry should Becky go to for detailed information?
Based on the below log, which of the following sentences are true?
Mar 1, 2016, 7:33:28 AM 10.240.250.23 - 54373 10.249.253.15 - 22 tcp_ip
There have been concerns in your network that the wireless network component is not sufficiently secure. You perform a vulnerability scan of the wireless network and find that it is using an old encryption protocol that was designed to mimic wired encryption, what encryption protocol is being used?
An ethical hacker is scanning a target network. They initiate a TCP connection by sending an SYN packet to a target machine and receiving a SYN/ACK packet in response. But instead of completing the three-way handshake with an ACK packet, they send an RST packet. What kind of scan is the ethical hacker likely performing and what is their goal?
Scenario1:
1.Victim opens the attacker's web site.
2.Attacker sets up a web site which contains interesting and attractive content like 'Do you want to make
$1000 in a day?'.
3.Victim clicks to the interesting and attractive content URL.
4.Attacker creates a transparent 'iframe' in front of the URL which victim attempts to click, so victim thinks that he/she clicks to the 'Do you want to make $1000 in a day?' URL but actually he/she clicks to the content or URL that exists in the transparent 'iframe' which is setup by the attacker.
What is the name of the attack which is mentioned in the scenario?
Taylor, a security professional, uses a tool to monitor her company's website, analyze the website's traffic, and track the geographical location of the users visiting the company's website. Which of the following tools did Taylor employ in the above scenario?
A penetration tester alters the "file" parameter in a web application (e.g., view?file=report.txt) to ../../../../etc/passwd and successfully accesses restricted system files. What attack method does this scenario illustrate?
A penetration tester gains access to a target system through a vulnerability in a third-party software application. What is the most effective next step to take to gain full control over the system?
In an intricate web application architecture using an Oracle database, you, as a security analyst, have identified a potential SQL Injection attack surface. The database consists of 'x' tables, each with y columns. Each table contains z1 records. An attacker, well-versed in SQLi techniques, crafts 'u' SQL payloads, each attempting to extract maximum data from the database. The payloads include UNION SELECT' statements and 'DBMS_XSLPPOCESSOR.READ2CLOB' to read sensitive files. The attacker aims to maximize the total data extracted E=xyz'u'. Assuming 'x=4\ y=2\ and varying z' and 'u\ which situation is likely to result in the highest extracted data volume?
You're the security manager for a tech company that uses a database to store sensitive customer data. You have implemented countermeasures against SQL injection attacks. Recently, you noticed some suspicious
activities and suspect an attacker is using SQL injection techniques. The attacker is believed to use different forms of payloads in his SQL queries. In the case of a successful SQL injection attack, which of the following
payloads would have the most significant impact?
Clark, a professional hacker, attempted to perform a Btlejacking attack using an automated tool, Btlejack, and hardware tool, micro:bit. This attack allowed Clark to hijack, read, and export sensitive information shared between connected devices. To perform this attack, Clark executed various btlejack commands. Which of the following commands was used by Clark to hijack the connections?
What is the BEST alternative if you discover that a rootkit has been installed on one of your computers?
In a vertical privilege escalation scenario, the attacker attempts to gain access to a user account with higher privileges than their current level. Which of the following examples describes vertical privilege escalation?
Bob is going to perform an active session hijack against Brownies Inc. He has found a target that allows session-oriented connections (Telnet) and performs the sequence prediction on the target operating system. He manages to find an active session due to the high level of traffic on the network.
What is Bob supposed to do next?
In the context of password security, a simple dictionary attack involves loading a dictionary file into a cracking application such as L0phtCrack or John the Ripper. The brute force method is slow but exhaustive. If you use both brute force and dictionary methods combined to vary words, what would you call such an attack?
George, an employee of an organization, is attempting to access restricted websites from an official computer. For this purpose, he used an anonymizer that masked his real IP address and ensured complete and continuous anonymity for all his online activities. Which of the following anonymizers helps George hide his activities?
James is working as an ethical hacker at Technix Solutions. The management ordered James to discover how vulnerable its network is towards footprinting attacks. James took the help of an open-source framework for performing automated reconnaissance activities. This framework helped James in gathering information using free tools and resources.
What is the framework used by James to conduct footprinting and reconnaissance activities?
Which mode of IPSec should you use to assure security and confidentiality of data within the same LAN?
Stephen, an attacker, targeted the industrial control systems of an organization. He generated a fraudulent email with a malicious attachment and sent it to employees of the target organization. An employee who manages the sales software of the operational plant opened the fraudulent email and clicked on the malicious attachment. This resulted in the malicious attachment being downloaded and malware being injected into the sales software maintained in the victim's system. Further, the malware propagated itself to other networked systems, finally damaging the industrial automation components.
What is the attack technique used by Stephen to damage the industrial systems?
Which of the following Metasploit post-exploitation modules can be used to escalate privileges on Windows systems?
“........is an attack type for a rogue Wi-Fi access point that appears to be a legitimate one offered on the premises, but actually has been set up to eavesdrop on wireless communications. It is the wireless version of the phishing scam. An attacker fools wireless users into connecting a laptop or mobile phone to a tainted hot-spot by posing as a legitimate provider. This type of attack may be used to steal the passwords of
unsuspecting users by either snooping the communication link or by phishing, which involves setting up a fraudulent web site and luring people there.”
Fill in the blank with appropriate choice.
You want to do an ICMP scan on a remote computer using hping2. What is the proper syntax?
You are performing a penetration test for a client and have gained shell access to a Windows machine on the internal network. You intend to retrieve all DNS records for the internal domain. If the DNS server is at 192.168.10.2 and the domain name is abccorp.local, what command would you type at the nslookup prompt to attempt a zone transfer?
During a reconnaissance mission, an ethical hacker uses Maltego, a popular footprinting tool, to collect information about a target organization. The information includes the target's Internet infrastructure details (domains, DNS names, Netblocks, IP address information). The hacker decides to use social engineering
techniques to gain further information. Which of the following would be the least likely method of social engineering to yield beneficial information based on the data collected?
The network in ABC company is using the network address 192.168.1.64 with mask 255.255.255.192. In the network the servers are in the addresses 192.168.1.122, 192.168.1.123 and 192.168.1.124. An attacker is trying to find those servers but he cannot see them in his scanning. The command he is using is: nmap 192.168.1.64/28.
Why he cannot see the servers?
Dayn, an attacker, wanted to detect if any honeypots are installed in a target network. For this purpose, he used a time-based TCP fingerprinting method to validate the response to a normal computer and the response of a honeypot to a manual SYN request.
Which of the following techniques is employed by Dayn to detect honeypots?
During a recent security assessment, you discover the organization has one Domain Name Server (DNS) in a Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and a second DNS server on the internal network.
What is this type of DNS configuration commonly called?
If a tester is attempting to ping a target that exists but receives no response or a response that states the destination is unreachable, ICMP may be disabled and the network may be using TCP. Which other option could the tester use to get a response from a host using TCP?
A large company intends to use BlackBerry for corporate mobile phones and a security analyst is assigned to evaluate the possible threats. The analyst will use the Blackjacking attack method to demonstrate how an attacker could circumvent perimeter defenses and gain access to the corporate network. What tool should the analyst use to perform a Blackjacking attack?
You are programming a buffer overflow exploit and you want to create a NOP sled of 200 bytes in the program exploit.
What is the hexadecimal value of NOP instruction?
A penetration tester has gained access to a target system using default credentials. What is the most effective next step to escalate privileges on the system?
Your company was hired by a small healthcare provider to perform a technical assessment on the network.
What is the best approach for discovering vulnerabilities on a Windows-based computer?
An attacker scans a host with the below command. Which three flags are set?
# nmap -sX host.domain.com
An ethical hacker is conducting a penetration test on a company’s network with full knowledge and permission from the organization. What is this type of hacking called?
You are an ethical hacker contracted to conduct a security audit for a company. During the audit, you discover that the company's wireless network is using WEP encryption. You understand the vulnerabilities associated with WEP and plan to recommend a more secure encryption method. Which of the following would you recommend as a Suitable replacement to enhance the security of the company's wireless network?
Vlady wants to improve security awareness among non-technical employees who demonstrate poor security practices. What should be his first step?
A multinational organization is implementing a security upgrade for its corporate wireless infrastructure. The current WPA2-Personal configuration relies on a shared passphrase, which the IT team finds difficult to rotate and manage securely across hundreds of employee devices. To enhance security and scalability, the organization decides to migrate to WPA2-Enterprise. The new setup must allow for centralized control of user authentication, support certificate-based identity verification, and ensure that each authenticated client is assigned a unique session encryption key to prevent key reuse and limit the blast radius of potential breaches.
Which component is essential for enabling this centralized, certificate-based authentication with unique key generation per session in a WPA2-Enterprise environment?
You are the Network Admin, and you get a complaint that some of the websites are no longer accessible. You try to ping the servers and find them to be reachable. Then you type the IP address and then you try on the browser, and find it to be accessible. But they are not accessible when you try using the URL.
What may be the problem?
A penetration tester suspects that a web application's user profile page is vulnerable to SQL injection, as it uses the userID parameter in SQL queries without proper sanitization. Which technique should the tester use to confirm the vulnerability?
During a cryptographic audit of a legacy system, a security analyst observes that an outdated block cipher is leaking key-related information when analyzing large sets of plaintext–ciphertext pairs. What approach might an attacker exploit here?
A penetration tester is performing an enumeration on a client's network. The tester has acquired permission to perform enumeration activities. They have identified a remote inter-process communication (IPC) share and are trying to collect more information about it. The tester decides to use a common enumeration technique to collect the desired data. Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate for this scenario?
User A is writing a sensitive email message to user B outside the local network. User A has chosen to use PKI to secure his message and ensure only user B can read the sensitive email. At what layer of the OSI layer does the encryption and decryption of the message take place?
Study the following log extract and identify the attack.
[Image shows an HTTP GET request with encoded traversal strings, such as
Fred is the network administrator for his company. Fred is testing an internal switch. From an external IP address, Fred wants to try and trick this switch into thinking it already has established a session with his computer. How can Fred accomplish this?
Which regulation defines security and privacy controls for Federal information systems and organizations?
A hacker is analyzing a system that uses two rounds of symmetric encryption with different keys. To speed up key recovery, the attacker encrypts the known plaintext with all possible values of the first key and stores the intermediate ciphertexts. Then, they decrypt the final ciphertext using all possible values of the second key and compare the results to the stored values. Which cryptanalytic method does this approach represent?
Don, a student, came across a gaming app in a third-party app store and Installed it. Subsequently, all the legitimate apps in his smartphone were replaced by deceptive applications that appeared legitimate. He also received many advertisements on his smartphone after Installing the app. What is the attack performed on Don in the above scenario?
Which of the following is considered an exploit framework and has the ability to perform automated attacks on services, ports, applications and unpatched security flaws in a computer system?
During a high-stakes engagement, a penetration tester abuses MS-EFSRPC to force a domain controller to authenticate to an attacker-controlled server. The tester captures the NTLM hash and relays it to AD CS to obtain a certificate granting domain admin privileges. Which network-level hijacking technique is illustrated?
Jacob works as a system administrator in an organization. He wants to extract the source code of a mobile application and disassemble the application to analyze its design flaws. Using this technique, he wants to fix any bugs in the application, discover underlying vulnerabilities, and improve defense strategies against attacks.
What is the technique used by Jacob in the above scenario to improve the security of the mobile application?
Attempting an injection attack on a web server based on responses to True/False QUESTION NO:s is called which of the following?
A security analyst investigates unusual east-west traffic on a corporate network. A rogue device has been physically inserted between a workstation and the switch, enabling unauthorized access while inheriting the workstation’s authenticated network state. Which evasion technique is being used?
Which iOS jailbreaking technique patches the kernel during the device boot so that it becomes jailbroken after each successive reboot?
Judy created a forum, one day. she discovers that a user is posting strange images without writing comments.
She immediately calls a security expert, who discovers that the following code is hidden behind those images:
What issue occurred for the users who clicked on the image?
A computer science student needs to fill some information into a secured Adobe PDF job application that was received from a prospective employer. Instead of requesting a new document that allowed the forms to be completed, the student decides to write a script that pulls passwords from a list of commonly used passwords to try against the secured PDF until the correct password is found or the list is exhausted.
Which cryptography attack is the student attempting?
Sophia is a shopping enthusiast who spends significant time searching for trendy outfits online. Clark, an attacker, noticed her activities several times and sent a fake email containing a deceptive page link to her social media page displaying all-new and trendy outfits. In excitement, Sophia clicked on the malicious link and logged in to that page using her valid credentials. Which of the following tools is employed by Clark to create the spoofed email?
Samuel, a professional hacker, monitored and Intercepted already established traffic between Bob and a host machine to predict Bob's ISN. Using this ISN, Samuel sent spoofed packets with Bob's IP address to the host machine. The host machine responded with <| packet having an Incremented ISN. Consequently. Bob's connection got hung, and Samuel was able to communicate with the host machine on behalf of Bob. What is the type of attack performed by Samuel in the above scenario?
An organization decided to harden its security against web-application and web-server attacks. John, a security personnel in the organization, employed a security scanner to automate web-application security testing and to guard the organization's web infrastructure against web-application threats. Using that tool, he also wants to detect XSS, directory transversal problems, fault injection, SQL injection, attempts to execute commands, and several other attacks. Which of the following security scanners will help John perform the above task?
Take a look at the following attack on a Web Server using obstructed URL:
Take a look at the following attack on a Web Server using an obfuscated URL:
How would you protect from these attacks?
A penetration tester evaluates a secure web application using HTTPS, secure cookies, and multi-factor authentication. To hijack a legitimate user’s session without triggering alerts, which technique should be used?
Gerard, a disgruntled ex-employee of Sunglass IT Solutions, targets this organization to perform sophisticated attacks and bring down its reputation in the market. To launch the attacks process, he performed DNS footprinting to gather information about ONS servers and to identify the hosts connected in the target network. He used an automated tool that can retrieve information about DNS zone data including DNS domain names, computer names. IP addresses. DNS records, and network Who is records. He further exploited this information to launch other sophisticated attacks. What is the tool employed by Gerard in the above scenario?
This type of injection attack does not show any error message. It is difficult to exploit as it returns information when the application is given SQL payloads that elicit a true or false response from the server. By observing the response, an attacker can extract sensitive information. What type of attack is this?
A penetration tester is evaluating a web application that does not properly validate the authenticity of HTTP requests. The tester suspects the application is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF). Which approach should the tester use to exploit this vulnerability?
You have been authorized to perform a penetration test against a website. You want to use Google dorks to footprint the site but only want results that show file extensions. What Google dork operator would you use?
An attacker changes the profile information of a particular user (victim) on the target website. The attacker uses this string to update the victim’s profile to a text file and then submit the data to the attacker’s database.
< iframe src=““http://www.vulnweb.com/updateif.php”” style=““display:none”” > < /iframe >
What is this type of attack (that can use either HTTP GET or HTTP POST) called?
During a black-box pen test you attempt to pass IRC traffic over port 80/TCP from a compromised web enabled host. The traffic gets blocked; however, outbound HTTP traffic is unimpeded. What type of firewall is inspecting outbound traffic?
Tony wants to integrate a 128-bit symmetric block cipher with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits into a software program, which involves 32 rounds of computational operations that include substitution and permutation operations on four 32-bit word blocks using 8-variable S-boxes with 4-bit entry and 4-bit exit.
Which of the following algorithms includes all the above features and can be integrated by Tony into the software program?
A penetration tester is tasked with compromising a company’s wireless network, which uses WPA2-PSK encryption. The tester wants to capture the WPA2 handshake and crack the pre-shared key. What is the most appropriate approach to achieve this?
A penetration tester needs to identify open ports and services on a target network without triggering the organization's intrusion detection systems, which are configured to detect high-volume traffic and common scanning techniques. To achieve stealth, the tester decides to use a method that spreads out the scan over an extended period. Which scanning technique should the tester employ to minimize the risk of detection?
Which of the following web vulnerabilities would an attacker be attempting to exploit if they delivered the following input?
A system administrator observes that several machines in the network are repeatedly sending out traffic to unknown IP addresses. Upon inspection, these machines were part of a coordinated spam campaign. What is the most probable cause?
A penetration tester finds malware that spreads across a network without user interaction, replicating itself from one machine to another. What type of malware is this?
You are the chief cybersecurity officer at CloudSecure Inc., and your team is responsible for securing a cloudbased application that handles sensitive customer data. To ensure that the data is protected from breaches, you
have decided to implement encryption for both data-at-rest and data-in-transit. The development team suggests using SSL/TLS for securing data in transit. However, you want to also implement a mechanism to detect if the data was tampered with during transmission. Which of the following should you propose?
Suppose that you test an application for the SQL injection vulnerability. You know that the backend database is based on Microsoft SQL Server. In the login/password form, you enter the following credentials:
Username: attack' or 1=1 --
Password: 123456
Based on the above credentials, which of the following SQL commands are you expecting to be executed by the server, if there is indeed an SQL injection vulnerability?
Why is a penetration test considered to be more thorough than a vulnerability scan?
Jude, a pen tester, examined a network from a hacker's perspective to identify exploits and vulnerabilities accessible to the outside world by using devices such as firewalls, routers, and servers. In this process, he also estimated the threat of network security attacks and determined the level of security of the corporate network.
What is the type of vulnerability assessment that Jude performed on the organization?
An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) has alerted the network administrator to a possibly malicious sequence of packets sent to a Web server in the network’s external DMZ. The packet traffic was captured by the IDS and saved to a PCAP file.
What type of network tool can be used to determine if these packets are genuinely malicious or simply a false positive?
In the process of footprinting a target website, an ethical hacker utilized various tools to gather critical information. The hacker encountered a target site where standard web spiders were ineffective due to a specific file in its root directory. However, they managed to uncover all the files and web pages on the target site, monitoring the resulting incoming and outgoing traffic while browsing the website manually. What technique did the hacker likely employ to achieve this?
A penetration tester is assessing an organization's cloud infrastructure and discovers misconfigured IAM policies on storage buckets. The IAM settings grant read and write permissions to any authenticated user. What is the most effective way to exploit this misconfiguration?
A penetration tester is running a vulnerability scan on a company’s network. The scan identifies an open port with a high-severity vulnerability linked to outdated software. What is the most appropriate next step for the tester?
Widespread fraud ac Enron. WorldCom, and Tyco led to the creation of a law that was designed to improve the accuracy and accountability of corporate disclosures. It covers accounting firms and third parties that provide financial services to some organizations and came into effect in 2002. This law is known by what acronym?
what are common files on a web server that can be misconfigured and provide useful Information for a hacker such as verbose error messages?
An ethical hacker needs to enumerate user accounts and shared resources within a company's internal network without raising any security alerts. The network consists of Windows servers running default configurations. Which method should the hacker use to gather this information covertly?
You are a penetration tester tasked with testing the wireless network of your client Brakeme SA. You are attempting to break into the wireless network with the SSID "Brakeme-lnternal." You realize that this network uses WPA3 encryption, which of the following vulnerabilities is the promising to exploit?
Ben purchased a new smartphone and received some updates on it through the OTA method. He received two messages: one with a PIN from the network operator and another asking him to enter the PIN received from the operator. As soon as he entered the PIN, the smartphone started functioning in an abnormal manner.
What is the type of attack performed on Ben in the above scenario?
You are a cybersecurity consultant for a global organization. The organization has adopted a Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)policy, but they have recently experienced a phishing incident where an employee's device was compromised. In the investigation, you discovered that the phishing attack occurred through a third-party email app that the employee had installed. Given the need to balance security and user autonomy under the BYOD policy, how should the organization mitigate the risk of such incidents? Moreover, consider a measure that would prevent similar attacks without overly restricting the use of personal devices.
Bob, your senior colleague, has sent you a mail regarding a deal with one of the clients. You are requested to accept the offer and you oblige. After 2 days, Bab denies that he had ever sent a mail. What do you want to ““know”” to prove yourself that it was Bob who had send a mail?
Which of the following provides a security professional with most information about the system’s security posture?
During a security assessment of a metropolitan public transportation terminal, a penetration tester examines a network-connected IoT surveillance camera system used for 24/7 video monitoring. The camera uses outdated SSLv2 encryption to transmit video data. The tester intercepts and decrypts video streams due to the weak encryption and absence of authentication mechanisms. What IoT vulnerability is most likely being exploited in this scenario?
You need to deploy a new web-based software package for your organization. The package requires three separate servers and needs to be available on the Internet. What is the recommended architecture in terms of server placement?
You are tasked to configure the DHCP server to lease the last 100 usable IP addresses in subnet to. 1.4.0/23. Which of the following IP addresses could be teased as a result of the new configuration?
During a physical penetration test simulating a social engineering attack, a threat actor walks into the lobby of a target organization dressed as a field technician from a known external vendor. Carrying a fake ID badge and referencing a known company name, the attacker confidently claims they’ve been dispatched to perform a routine server room upgrade. Using internal-sounding terminology and referencing real employee names gathered via OSINT, the individual conveys urgency. The receptionist, recognizing the vendor name and the convincing language, allows access without verifying the credentials.
Attacker Simon targeted the communication network of an organization and disabled the security controls of NetNTLMvl by modifying the values of LMCompatibilityLevel, NTLMMinClientSec, and RestrictSendingNTLMTraffic. He then extracted all the non-network logon tokens from all the active processes to masquerade as a legitimate user to launch further attacks. What is the type of attack performed by Simon?
Attacker Lauren has gained the credentials of an organization's internal server system, and she was often logging in during irregular times to monitor the network activities. The organization was skeptical about the login times and appointed security professional Robert to determine the issue. Robert analyzed the compromised device to find incident details such as the type of attack, its severity, target, impact, method of propagation, and vulnerabilities exploited. What is the incident handling and response (IH&R) phase, in which Robert has determined these issues?
As a cybersecurity analyst for SecureNet, you are performing a security assessment of a new mobile payment application. One of your primary concerns is the secure storage of customer data on the device. The application
stores sensitive information such as credit card details and personal identification numbers (PINs) on the device. Which of the following measures would best ensure the security of this data?
What ports should be blocked on the firewall to prevent NetBIOS traffic from not coming through the firewall if your network is comprised of Windows NT, 2000, and XP?
During a red team engagement, an ethical hacker discovers that a thermostat accepts older firmware versions without verifying their authenticity. By loading a deprecated version containing known vulnerabilities, the tester gains unauthorized access to the broader network. Which IoT security issue is most accurately demonstrated in this scenario?
During a security assessment of a cloud-hosted application using SOAP-based web services, a red team operator intercepts a valid SOAP request, duplicates the signed message body, inserts it into the same envelope, and forwards it. Due to improper validation, the server accepts the duplicated body and executes unauthorized code. What type of attack does this represent?
Shiela is an information security analyst working at HiTech Security Solutions. She is performing service version discovery using Nmap to obtain information about the running services and their versions on a target system.
Which of the following Nmap options must she use to perform service version discovery on the target host?
The company ABC recently contracts a new accountant. The accountant will be working with the financial statements. Those financial statements need to be approved by the CFO and then they will be sent to the accountant but the CFO is worried because he wants to be sure that the information sent to the accountant was not modified once he approved it. Which of the following options can be useful to ensure the integrity of the data?
A Security Engineer at a medium-sized accounting firm has been tasked with discovering how much information can be obtained from the firm’s public-facing web servers. The engineer decides to start by using netcat to port 80.
The engineer receives this output:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Microsoft-IIS/6
...
Which of the following is an example of what the engineer performed?
An ethical hacker is hired to evaluate the defenses of an organization's database system which is known to employ a signature-based IDS. The hacker knows that some SQL Injection evasion techniques may allow him
to bypass the system's signatures. During the operation, he successfully retrieved a list of usernames from the database without triggering an alarm by employing an advanced evasion technique. Which of the following
could he have used?
infecting a system with malware and using phishing to gain credentials to a system or web application are examples of which phase of the ethical hacking methodology?
Gilbert, a web developer, uses a centralized web API to reduce complexity and increase the Integrity of updating and changing data. For this purpose, he uses a web service that uses HTTP methods such as PUT. POST. GET. and DELETE and can improve the overall performance, visibility, scalability, reliability, and portability of an application. What is the type of web-service API mentioned in the above scenario?
Which wireless security protocol replaces the personal pre-shared key (PSK) authentication with Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) and is therefore resistant to offline dictionary attacks?
Bob received this text message on his mobile phone: “Hello, this is Scott Smelby from the Yahoo Bank. Kindly contact me for a vital transaction on: scottsmelby@yahoo.com”. Which statement below is true?
TESTED 21 Dec 2025
