CITM-001 Sample Questions Answers

A field is a unit of data that can store one or more characters, such as a name, a date, or a number. Fields are used to organize and store data in databases, spreadsheets, and other applications. A byte is a unit of digital information that consists of eight bits, which are binary digits that can have two values: 0 or 1. An octet is another term for a byte, especially in the context of network protocols and data transmission. A decimal is a number system that uses ten symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Decimals can also have a decimal point to represent fractions, such as 3.14 or 0.25. References: Certified IT Manager (CITM) Course Outline, Grouping Symbols and Order of Operations, A group of characters is called as a

System analysis is the process of understanding and specifying the requirements of a system. The third step in system analysis is analysis and design, which involves creating models and diagrams to represent the system’s structure, behavior, and interactions. Analysis and design also includes identifying and evaluating alternative solutions, and selecting the best one based on criteria such as cost, feasibility, and user satisfaction. References: Certified Information Technology Manager (CITM) - gaqm.org, Module 3 – System Analysis and Design; CITM 305 - Systems Analysis and Design - Toronto Metropolitan University, Course Description and Sample Course Outline.

An attribute is a property that describes various characteristics of an entity. For example, an entity type called Employee may have attributes such as name, age, salary, department, etc. An attribute can also be a primary key that uniquely identifies an entity instance, or a foreign key that references another entity type. An attribute can have a data type, a domain, and a constraint that define its format, range, and validity. An attribute is represented by an oval in an ER diagram, and by a column in a table. References: 3, EXIN EPI Certified Information Technology Manager - EXIN (page 23)

A decompiler is a program that translates from a low-level language to a higher level one. A low-level language is one that is close to the machine code, such as assembly or binary. A higher level language is one that is more abstract and human-readable, such as C++ or Java. A decompiler can reverse-engineer the source code from an executable file, which can be useful for debugging, analysis, or modification purposes. However, decompilation is not always possible or accurate, as some information may be lost or obfuscated during the compilation process12. References: 1: What is a compiler? How source code becomes machine code12: How does an interpreter/compiler work2

A foreign key is a column or a set of columns in one table that references the primary key of another table. It is used to create a link and relationship between tables in a relational database. A foreign key ensures that the values in the referencing table match the values in the referenced table, thus maintaining the referential integrity of the database12. A foreign key can also be used to implement constraints such as cascading updates or deletes3. References: 1: CITM Study Guide, Chapter 3: Database Management Systems, Page 41. 2: Types of Keys in Relational Model (Candidate, Super, Primary, Alternate and Foreign) 3: Database Keys: The Complete Guide (Surrogate, Natural, Composite & More)

Interviews are a user-oriented design technique that allows the systems analyst to spend a great deal of time with the users, understanding their needs, preferences, expectations, and problems. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, depending on the level of flexibility and depth required. Interviews can provide rich and detailed insights into the users’ context, goals, tasks, and pain points, as well as their feedback and suggestions for improvement. Interviews can also help to establish rapport and trust between the systems analyst and the users, which can facilitate the design process and user acceptance. References: User-Centered Design Basics | Usability.gov, User-centered design: Definition, examples, and tips

Processed or meaningful data can be defined as information, which is data that has been organized, processed, or structured in a meaningful way according to the given requirement. Information is processed data which includes data that possess context, relevance, and purpose. Information is also the output of data processing, which is the collection and transformation of raw data into useful information. Information can be used for decision-making, analysis, or communication purposes. References: 

https://careerfoundry.com/en/blog/data-analytics/what-is-data-processing/

https://www.lisedunetwork.com/definition-and-types-of-information/

Tangible costs are those that can be easily quantified and measured, such as direct expenses or physical assets. However, in some cases, tangible costs savings can be difficult to estimatebecause they depend on various factors, such as the expected life cycle of the asset, the depreciation rate, the maintenance costs, the opportunity costs, and the market conditions. For example, if a company invests in a new production machine, the tangible cost savings would be the difference between the cost of the old machine and the cost of the new machine, plus the additional benefits of the new machine, such as higher output, lower energy consumption, and improved quality. However, these benefits may not be easy to measure or predict, especially in the long term. Therefore, tangible costs savings can be difficult to estimate in some cases. References: Tangible Cost: Meaning and Difference From Intangible Costs - Investopedia, What Are Tangible Costs? (Plus Why They Matter and Examples) | Indeed.com, Intangible Cost vs. Tangible Cost - What’s the Difference? | This vs. That, Project tangible and intangible benefits - Twproject: project management software

Rotational delay is the time it takes for the desired sector of the disk to rotate under the read-write head after the head has been positioned at the correct track. It depends on the rotational speed of the disk and the position of the sector relative to the head. It is one of the components of data access delay, along with seek time, transmission delay, and processing delay. References: Delays in Computer Network - GeeksforGeeks, Access time - Wikipedia

Globalization is the process of increasing economic, political, and cultural integration and interdependence across the world. Some of the impacts of globalization are:

• Rationalized manufacturing: Globalization enables firms to produce goods and services in different locations according to their comparative advantages, such as lower costs, higher quality, or better access to markets. This leads to more efficient and competitive production, as well as increased specialization and trade.
• Managing risk across currencies: Globalization exposes firms and individuals to fluctuations in exchange rates, which affect the value of their assets, liabilities, and incomes. To manage this risk, they may use various financial instruments, such as hedging, derivatives, or currency swaps, to reduce their exposure or benefit from favorable movements.
• Worldwide purchase: Globalization expands the range and availability of goods and services that consumers can purchase from different countries and regions. This increases consumer choice, lowers prices, and improves quality and variety. It also creates opportunities for cross-cultural learning and exchange.

References: 

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/effects-economic-globalization/

https://byjus.com/commerce/globalisation/ https://byjus.com/commerce/globalisation/

According to the CITM course outline1, there are five data collection techniques that are commonly used in business analytics. They are:

• Observations: This technique involves watching and recording the behavior, actions, or events of interest. Observations can be either direct or indirect, structured or unstructured, participant or non-participant.
• Interviews: This technique involves asking questions to individuals or groups of people who have relevant knowledge or experience on the topic. Interviews can be either structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, depending on the level of flexibility and standardization of the questions.
• Surveys: This technique involves administering a set of questions to a sample of respondents who represent the population of interest. Surveys can be either quantitative or qualitative, depending on the type and scale of the questions.
• Focus groups: This technique involves gathering a small group of people who share some common characteristics or opinions on the topic and facilitating a discussion among them. Focus groups can be used to explore attitudes, perceptions, feelings, or preferences of the participants.
• Documents: This technique involves reviewing and analyzing existing documents or records that are relevant to the topic. Documents can be either primary or secondary, depending on the source and authenticity of the information.

References:

• 1: 7 Data Collection Methods and Techniques | SafetyCulture
• 2: CITM 500 Data and Information Management | The Chang School of Continuing Education - Toronto Metropolitan University
• 3: Data Collection Methods | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples - Scribbr
• 4: Data Collection - Methods Types and Examples - Research Method

 An Integrated Global IT approach is a strategy that aims to align the IT functions and capabilities of a firm with its global business objectives and needs. One of the benefits of this approach is that it enables the firm to provide more consistent customer service internationally, by leveraging common platforms, standards, processes, and data across different regions and markets. This can enhance customer satisfaction, loyalty, and retention, as well as reduce costs and risks associated with IT fragmentation and duplication. References: Integrated Global IT approach customer service, Toward an integrated technology operating model, Managing Global Customers: An Integrated Approach, Five steps to an integrated customer experience

In a multi-user design, one group usually develops the systems for use by another group. This is because different groups of users may have different needs, preferences, and expectations for the system. For example, a system that is designed for the accounting department may not be suitable for the marketing department, or a system that is designed for the managers may not be user-friendly for the employees. Therefore, a multi-user design involves identifying the target users, analyzing their requirements, designing the system accordingly, and testing the system with the users. A multi-user design also requires coordination and communication among the developers and the users, as well as among different user groups, to ensure that the system meets the needs and expectations of all stakeholders. References: Multi-User Operating System - GeeksforGeeks; Multiple Group Design: Definition & Examples - Study.com; Chapter 10: Information Systems Development

A byte is the smallest unit of data storage that consists of eight bits. A bit is a binary digit that can have two values: 0 or 1. A byte can store one character, such as a letter, a number, or a symbol. An octet is another name for a byte, but it is not commonly used. A character is a symbol that represents a letter, a digit, or a punctuation mark, but it is not a unit of data storage. A field is a group of bytes that stores a specific type of data, such as a name, a date, or a number, but it is not the smallest unit of data storage. References: Data Storage Units of Measurement Table, What are the units of measurements for data storage?, Data Storage Units

A client-server environment is a type of distributed system that divides the application logic into three layers: presentation, application, and data. The presentation layer is responsible for the user interface and interaction, the application layer contains the business logic and functionality, and the data layer manages the storage and retrieval of data. Each layer can run on a different machine or server, allowing for scalability, modularity, and security1234 References:

• 1: Client Server Architecture: Types, Examples, & Benefits
• 2: Client-Server Model - GeeksforGeeks
• 3: What is Three-Tier Architecture | IBM
• 4: Figure 1. The Client/Server Computing Environment - IBM

Information derived from processing transaction reduces uncertainty about a firm’s order backlog or financial position because it provides a quantitative and forward-looking measure of demand. Order backlog is the amount of orders that a firm has received but not yet fulfilled. It reflects the expected future revenue and cash flows of the firm, as well as its ability to meet customer needs and expectations. Order backlog can also indicate the competitive position and market share of the firm, as well as its operational efficiency and capacity utilization. Therefore, disclosing order backlog can help stakeholders such as investors, analysts, managers, and regulators to assess the firm’s performance and prospects more accurately and reliably. References: Sample Exam - GAQM, page 4; Implications of Disclosing Order Backlog, page 1-2; Backlog Definition, Implications, and Real-World Examples - Investopedia

A transitional strategy is helpful in seeking global efficiency while retaining local responsiveness because it combines the benefits of both standardization and adaptation. A transitional strategy aims to achieve high levels of global integration and local responsiveness by leveraging the interdependence and learning among different units of the organization. A transitional strategy requires a complex and flexible organizational structure, a strong global culture, and effective coordination and communication mechanisms12. References: 1: CITM Study Guide, Chapter 4: Global IT Strategy 2: Balancing Global Synergies and Local Responsiveness | SpringerLink

 A relation is a type of association that describes how two or more entities are related to each other. A relation can have different properties, such as cardinality, optionality, and directionality, that specify the nature and constraints of the association. A relation can also have attributes that store information about the association. For example, a relation between Employee and Project entities can have an attribute called Role that indicates the role of each employee in each project. A relation can be represented by a line connecting the entities in an entity-relationship diagram (ERD). References: Association and Associative entity - IBM, When to use Associative entities? - Stack Overflow, [Entity-Relationship Model - Tutorialspoint].

Systems analysis is the second step in the Systems Design Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. Systems analysis involves gathering and analyzing the requirements of the system, such as the user needs, the business objectives, and the functional specifications. Systems analysis also involves modeling the system using various techniques, such as data flow diagrams, entity-relationship diagrams, and use case diagrams. Systems analysis helps to define the scope and boundaries of the system, as well as the inputs, outputs, processes, and data structures. Systems analysis is essential for ensuring that the system design meets the expectations and needs of the stakeholders. References: 1, 2, 3, 4

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/system-design-life-cycle-phases-models-and-use-cases/

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/system-development-life-cycle/

Multiprocessing is a feature that supports more than one processor in a computer system. It allows multiple processes to run concurrently on multiple CPUs (or cores), thus increasing the performance and throughput of the system12. Multiprocessing can be achieved by using either multiple physical processors or a single processor with multiple cores3. Multiprocessing can also be classified into symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP), depending on how the processors are coordinated and share resources4.

Multiprocessing is different from other features such as multiprogramming, multitasking, and multithreading. Multiprogramming is the ability of an operating system to keep multiple programs in the main memory at the same time, ready for execution5. Multitasking is the ability of an operating system to switch between multiple tasks (applications) on a single CPU, giving the illusion of parallelism6. Multithreading is the ability of an application to create multiple threads of execution within a single task, sharing the same memory space and resources7. These features aim to maximize the utilization of CPU and memory, but they do not require more than oneprocessor. References: 1: CITM Study Guide, Chapter 2: Computer Architecture, Page 24-25. 2: Multiprocessing 3: What is Multiprocessing? 4: Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Multiprocessing: What’s the Difference? 5: CITM Study Guide, Chapter 1: Operating Systems, Page 9. 6: CITM Study Guide, Chapter 1: Operating Systems, Page 10. 7: CITM Study Guide, Chapter 4: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design, Page 64.

Important decisions may require more care in analyzing data because they have higher stakes, greater uncertainty, and more complexity. Data analysis can help managers to identify patterns, trends, correlations, and causal relationships that can inform their decision making. Data analysis can also help managers to evaluate alternatives, test hypotheses, and predict outcomes. However, data analysis is not a substitute for judgment, intuition, and creativity. Managers should also consider the quality, reliability, and validity of the data, as well as the ethical and social implications of their decisions. References: CITM Course Outline, Sample Exam - GAQM, TEST 1 2020, questions and answers - CITM 102 TEST BANKS … - Studocu