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An all-equity financed company currently generates total revenue of $50 million.
Its current profit before interest and taxation (PBIT) is $10 million.
Due to difficult trading conditions, the company expects its total revenue to be constant next year, although some margins will reduce.
It forecasts next year's PBIT will fall to 18% on 40% of its revenue, but that the PBIT on the other 60% of its revenue will be unaffected.
The rate of corporate tax is 20%.
What is the forecast percentage reduction in next year's Earnings?
A publicly funded school is focused on providing Value for Money
It pays its leaching staff less than other schools, because class sizes are generally smaller than elsewhere Despite some staff demotivation from low pay, exam pass rates are high given the close one-to-one attention many pupils receive.
On which aspect of Value for Money is the school underperforming?
Company AEE has a 10 year 6% corporate bond in issue which has a nominal value of $400 million, which is currently trading at 95%. The bond is secured on the company's property
The Board of Directors has calculated the equity value of Company AEE as follows;
Which THREE of the following are errors in the valuation?
A company is deciding whether to offer a scrip dividend or a cash dividend to its shareholders.
Although the company has excellent long-term growth prospects, it is experiencing short-term profit and cash flow problems.
Which of the following statements is most likely to be a reason for choosing the scrip dividend?
A private company manufactures goods for export, the goods are priced in foreign currency B$.
The company is partly owned by members of the founding family and partly by a venture capitalist who is helping to grow the business rapidly in preparation for a planned listing in three years' time.
The company therefore has significant long term exposure to the B$.
This exposure is hedged up to 24 months into the future based on highly probable forecast future revenue streams.
The company does not apply hedge accounting and this has led to high volatility in reported earnings.
Which of the following best explains why external consultants have recently advised the company to apply hedge accounting?
Which THREE of the following are the most likely exit routes that apply to a venture capitalist?
A manufacturing company is based in Country L whose currency is the L$.
One of the company's products is exported to Country M, a rapidly growing economy, whose currency is the M$.
In the most recent financial year:
• 100,000 units of the product were sold to customers in country M
• The unit selling price was M$12
The spot rate today is L$1 = M$5
The company has an objective of growth in total sales value in L$ of 10% a year.
If the L$ strengthens by 5% next year against the M$, what volume of sales of this product is needed next year to achieve the objective?
Which of the following best explains why the interest rate parity model is highly effective in practice?
A company wishes to raise additional debt finance and is assessing the impact this will have on key ratios.
The following data currently applies:
• Profit before interest and tax for the current year is $500,000
• Long term debt of $300,000 at a fixed interest rate of 5%
• 250,000 shares in issue with a share price of $8
The company plans to borrow an additional $200,000 on the first day of the year to invest in new project which will improve annual profit before interest and tax by $24,000.
The additional debt would carry an interest rate of 3%.
Assume the number of shares in issue remain constant but the share price will increase to $8.50 after the investment.
The rate of corporate income tax is 30%.
After the investment, which of the following statements is correct?
A company is considering either directly exporting its product to customers in a foreign country or setting up a subsidiary in the foreign country to manufacture and supply customers in that country.
Details of each alternative method of supplying the foreign market are as follows:
There is an import tax on product entering the foreign country of 10% of sales value.
This import duty is a tax-allowable deduction in the company's domestic country.
The exchange rate is A$1.00 = B$1.10
Which alternative yields the highest total profit after taxation?
A large, listed company in the food and household goods industry needs to raise $50 million for a period of up to 6 months.
It has an excellent credit rating and there is almost no risk of the company defaulting on the borrowings. The company already has a commercial paper programme in place and has a good relationship with its bank.
Which of the following is likely to be the most cost effective method of borrowing the money?
Delta and Kappa both wish to borrow $50m.
Delta can borrow at a fixed rate of 12% or at a floating rate of the risk-free rate +3%
Kappa can borrow at 15% fixed or the risk-free rate +4%.
Delta wishes a variable rate loan and Kappa a fixed rate loan The bank for the two companies suggests a swap arrangement The two companies agree to a swap arrangement, sharing savings equally
What is the effective swap rate for each company?
An unlisted company has the following data:
A listed company in the same industry has a P/E of 11.
The value of the unlisted company based on the P/E of this listed company is:
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
Company WWW is identical in all operating and risk characteristics to Company ZZZ. but their capital structures differ. Company WWW and Company ZZZ both pay corporate income tax at 20%
Company WWW has a gearing ratio (debt: equity) of 1:3 Its pre-tax cost of debt is 6%.
Company ZZZ Is all-equity financed. Its cost of equity is 15%
What is the cost of equity tor Company WWW?
PPP's home currency is the PS. An overseas customer is due to make a payment of A$5,000,000 to PPP in 3 months. The present spot rate is 1PS = 5A$. P can obtain an interest rate of 4% per year on P$ deposits and 6% per year on AS deposits.
Forecast the value of the customer's payment to PPP, in PS, when the payment is made in 3 months' time.
Give your answer to the nearest thousand PS.
A company is considering the issue of a convertible bond compared to a straight bond issue (non-convertible bond).
Director A is concerned that issuing a convertible bond will upset the shareholders for the following reasons:
• it will dilute their control
• the interest payments will be higher therefore reducing liquidity
• it will increase the gearing ratio therefore increasing financial risk
Director B disagrees, and is preparing a board paper to promote the issue of the convertible bond rather than a non-convertible.
Advise the Director B which THREE of the following statements should be included in his board paper to promote the issue of the convertible bond?
Company A is planning to acquire Company B at a price of $ 65 million by means of a cash bid.
Company A is confident that the merged entity can achieve the same price earnings ratio as that of Company A.
What does Company A expect the value of the merged entity to be post acquisition?
An unlisted company which is owned and managed by its original founders has accumulated excess cash following many years of profitable trading.
The Board of Directors is comprised of the four original founders who each hold 25% of the equity share capital.
Which THREE of the following will be significant considerations when deciding on the company's dividend policy?
Using the CAPM, the expected return for a company is 10%. The market return is 7% and the risk free rate is 1%.
What does the beta factor used in this calculation indicate about the risk of the company?
A company plans to acquire new machinery.
It has two financing options; buy outright using a bank loan, or a finance lease.
Which of the following is an advantage of a finance lease compared with a bank loan?
Company Z wishes to borrow $50 million for 10 years at a fixed rate of interest.
Two alternative approaches are being considered:
A. Issue a 10 year bond at a fixed rate of 6%, or
B. Borrow from the bank at Libor +2.5% for a 10 year period and simultaneously enter into a 10 year interest rate swap.
Current 10 year swap rates against Libor are 4.0% - 4.2%.
What is the difference in the net interest cost between the two alternative approaches?
A company is based in Country Y whose functional currency is Y$. It has an investment in Country Z whose functional currency is Z$.
This year the company expects to generate Z$ 10 million profit after tax.
Tax Regime:
• Corporate income tax rate in country Y is 50%
• Corporate income tax rate in country Z is 20%
• Full double tax relief is available
Assume an exchange rate of Y$ 1 = Z$ 5.
What is the expected profit after tax in Y$ if the Z$ profit is remitted to Country Y?
A company needs to raise $20 million to finance a project.
It has decided on a rights issue at a discount of 20% to its current market share price.
There are currently 20 million shares in issue with a nominal value of $1 and a market price of $5 per share.
Calculate the terms of the rights issue.
A company has:
• $6 million market value of equity
• $4 million market value of debt
• WACC of 11.04%
• Corporate income tax rate of 20%
According to Modigliani and Miller's theory of capital structure with tax, what is the ungeared cost of equity?
A company is considering a divestment via either a management buyout (MBO) or sale to a private equity purchaser. Which of the following is an argument in favour of the MBO from the viewpoint of the original company?
A company plans to cut its dividend but is concerned that the share price will fall. This demonstrates the _____________ effect
A company has recently announced a scrip issue of 1 new share for every 4 existing shares. The market value of each share price before the announcement was $20.00.
What is the best estimate of the share price after the scrip issue ignoring all other influences on the share price?
A company's main objective is to achieve an average growth in dividends of 10% a year.
In the most recent financial year:
Sales are expected to grow at 8% a year over the next 5 years.
Costs are expected to grow at 5% a year over the next 5 years.
What is the minimum dividend payout ratio in 5 years' time that would allow the company to achieve its objective?
A company has a financial objective of maintaining a gearing ratio of between 30% and 40%, where gearing is defined as debt/equity at market values.
The company has been affected by a recent economic downturn leading to a shortage of liquidity and a fall in the share price during 20X1.
On 31 December 20X1 the company was funded by:
• Share capital of 4 million $1 shares trading at $4.0 per share.
• Debt of $7 million floating rate borrowings.
The directors plan to raise $2 million additional borrowings in order to improve liquidity.
They expect this to reassure investors about the company's liquidity position and result in a rise in the share price to $4.2 per share.
Is the planned increase in borrowings expected to help the company meet its gearing objective?
A company has borrowings of S5 million on which it pays interest at 8%. It has an operating profit margin of 20%.
The company plans to increase borrowings by S2 million Interest on additional borrowings would be 10% and the operating profit margin would remain unchanged
A debt covenant attached to the new borrowings requires interest cover to be at least 4 times throughout the period of the borrowing
Interest cover is defined in the loan documentation as being based on operating profit
What is the minimum sales value required each year to avoid a breach of the interest cover covenant'
A company needs to raise $40 million to finance a project. It has decided on a right issue at a discount of 20% to its current market share price.
There are currently 20 million shares in issue with a nominal value of $1 and a market price of $10.00 per share.
A listed company is planning a share repurchase.
The following data applies:
• There are 10 million shares in issue
• The share repurchase will involve buying back 20% of the shares at a price of $0.75
• The company is holding $2 million cash
• Earnings for the current year ended are $2 million
The Directors are concerned about the impact that this repurchase programme will have on the company's cash balance and current year earnings per share (EPS) ratio.
Advise the directors which of the following statements is correct?
Which THREE of the following methods of business valuation would give a valuation of the equity of an entity, rather than the value of the whole entity?
Company MB is in negotiations to acquire the entire share capital of Company BBA. Information about each company is as follows:
It is expected that Company BBA's profit before interest and tax will be $30 million in each of the two years after acquisition. Company AAB is considering how best to structure the offer Company AAB's discount factor and appropriate cost of equity for use in valuing Company BBA is 10%
Shareholders taxation implications should be ignored
Which of the following provides the shareholders of Company BBA with the highest offer price?
A company plans to raise finance for a new project.
It is considering either the issue of a redeemable cumulative preference share or a Eurobond.
Advise the directors which of the following statements would justify the issue of preference shares over a bond?
Which THREE of the following statements about stock market listings are correct?
A listed entertainment and media company produces and distributes films globally. The company invests heavily in intellectual property in order to create the scope for future film projects. The company has five separate distribution companies, each managed as a separate business unit The company is seeking to sell one of its business units in a management buy-out (MBO) to enable it to raise finance for proposed new investments
The business unit managers have been in discussions with a bank and venture capitalists regarding the financing for the MBO The venture capitalists are only prepared to invest a mixture of debt and equity and have suggested the following:
The venture capitalists have stated that they expect a minimum return on their equity investment of 3Q°/o a year on a compound basis over the first 5 years of the MBO No dividends will be paid during this period.
Advise the MBO team of the total amount due to the venture capitalist over the 5-year period to satisfy their total minimum return?
The primary objective of a public sector entity is to ensure value for money is generated.
Value for money is defined as performing an activity so as to simultaneously achieve economy, efficiency and effectiveness
Efficiency is defined as:
Company M is a geared company whose equity has a market value of $1,500 million and debt has a market value of S300 million. The company plans to issue $200 million of new shares and use the funds raised to pay off some of the debt
Company M currently has a cost of equity of 13% and a WACC of 10% It pays corporate tax at the rate of 30% Company B, an ungeared company operating in the same business sector as Company M, has a cost of equity of 12%
Assume Modigliani and Miller's theory of capital structure with tax applies
Which calculation below shows the correct approach to calculating the new WACC following the planned changes in capital structure?
A
B
C
D
A company has a loss-making division that it has decided to divest in order to raise cash for other parts of the business.
The losses stem from a combination of a lack of capital investment and poor divisional management.
The loss-making division would require new capital investment of at least $20 million in order to replace worn out and obsolete assets.
If this investment was carried out, the present value of the future cashflows, excluding the investment expenditure, is expected to be $15 million.
Which TWO of the following divestment methods are most likely to be suitable for the company?
MAN is a manufacturing company that is based in country M and sells almost exclusively to customers in country M, priced in the local currency, M$.
MAN wishes to expand the business by acquiring a company that manufactures similar products but has a more global customer base. It is particularly interested in selling to customers in country P, which uses currency P$ but recognises that the P$ is generally quite volatile against the M$.
Country P uses the same language as country M, has free entry of labour from country M, no exchange controls or withholding tax and a favourable double tax treaty.
Which of the following companies would be most suitable takeover candidates for MAN to investigate further?
WW is a quoted manufacturing company. The Finance Director has addressed the shareholders during WW's annual general meeting-She has told the shareholders that WW raised equity during the year and used the funds to repay a large loan that was maturing, thereby reducing WW's gearing ratio
At the conclusion of the Finance Director's speech one of the shareholders complained that it had been foolish for WW to have used equity to repay debt The shareholder argued that the Modigliani and Miller model (with tax) offers proof that debt is cheaper than equity when companies pay tax on their profits.
Which THREE arguments could the Finance Director have used in response to the shareholder?
A company's dividend policy is to pay out 50% of its earnings.
Its most recent earnings per share was $0.50, and it has just paid a dividend per share of $0.25.
Currently, dividends are forecast to grow at 2% each year in perpetuity and the cost of equity is 10.5%.
In order to grow its earnings and dividends, the company is considering undertaking a new investment funded entirely by debt finance. If the investment is undertaken:
• Its cost of equity will immediately increase to 12% due to the increased finance risk.
• Its earnings and dividends will immediately commence growing at 4% each year in perpetuity.
Which of the following is the expected percentage change in the share price if the new investment is undertaken?
Company Y plans to diversify into an activity where Company X has an equity beta of 1.6, a debt beta of zero and gearing of 50% (debt/debt plus equity).
The risk-free rate of return is 5% and the market portfolio is expected to return 10%.
The rate of corporate income tax is 30%.
What would be the risk-adjusted cost of equity if Company Y has 60% equity and 40% debt?
A company's gearing (measured as debt/(debt + equity)) is currently 60% and it is investigating whether an optimal gearing structure exists within the industry.
It has analysed the capital structure of similar companies in the industry and it would appear that there is evidence supporting the traditional theory of capital structure.
Companies with the lowest WACC in the industry have gearing of around 45% to 50%.
Which of the following actions would result in the company achieving a more optimal capital structure?
VVV has a floating rate loan that it wishes to replace with a fixed rate. The cost of the existing loan is the risk-free rate + 3%. VW would have to pay a fixed rate of 7% on a fixed rate loan VVVs bank has found a potential counterparty for a swap arrangement.
The counterparty wishes to raise a variable rate loan It would pay the risk-free rate +1 % on a variable rate loan and 8% on a fixed rate.
The bank will require 10% of the savings from the swap and WV and the counterparty will share the remaining saving equally.
Calculate VWs effective rate of interest from this swap arrangement.
Which of the following would be a reason for a company to adopt a low dividend pay-out policy?
The Board of Directors of a listed company wish to estimate a reasonable valuation of the entire share capital of the company in the event of a takeover bid.
The company's current profit before taxation is $10 0 million.
The rate of corporate tax is 20%.
The average P/E multiple of listed companies in the same industry is 10 times current earnings.
The P/E multiple of recent takeovers in the same industry have ranged from 11 times to 12 times current earnings.
The average P/E multiple of the top 100 companies on the stock market is 16 times current earnings.
Advise the Board of Directors which of the following is a reasonable estimate of a range of values of the entire share capital in the event of a bid being made for the whole company?
A company plans to raise S15 million to finance an expansion project using a rights issue Relevant data
• Shares will be offered at a 20% discount to the present market price of S12 50 per share
• There are currently 3 million shares in issue
• The project is forecast to yield a positive NPV of $9 million
What is the yield-adjusted Theoretical Ex-Rights Price following the announcement of the rights issue?
A listed publishing company owns a subsidiary company whose business activity is training.
It wishes to dispose of the subsidiary company.
The following information is available:
The board of the publishing company believe that the value of the subsidiary company, and hence the value of the equity invested in it, can be determined by calculating the present value of the subsidiary's free cashflows.
Which of the following is the most appropriate discount rate to use when determining the enterprise value of the company?
A company has borrowings of S5 million on which it pays interest at 8%. It has an operating profit margin of 20%.
The company plans to increase borrowings by S2 million Interest on additional borrowings would be 10% and the operating profit margin would remain unchanged
A debt covenant attached to the new borrowings requires interest cover to be at least 4 times throughout the period of the borrowing
Interest cover is defined in the loan documentation as being based on operating profit
What is the minimum sales value required each year to avoid a breach of the interest cover covenant'
Company BBB has prepared a valuation of a competitor company, Company BBD. Company BBB is intending to acquire a controlling interest in the equity of Company BBD and therefore wants to value only the equity of Company BBD.
The directors of Company BBB have prepared the following valuation of Company BBD:
Value of Equity = 4.63 + 5.14 + 5.56 = S15.33 million
Additional information on Company BBD:
Which THREE of the following are weaknesses of the above valuation?
A company is currently all-equity financed with a cost of equity of 8%.
It plans to raise debt with a pre-tax cost of 4% in order to buy back equity shares.
After the buy-back, the debt-to-equity ratio at market values will be 1 to 2.
The corporate income tax rate is 30%.
Which of the following represents the company's cost of equity after the buy-back according to Modigliani and Miller's Theory of Capital Structure with taxes?
A project requires an initial outlay of $2 million which can be financed with either a bank loan or finance lease.
The company will be responsible for annual maintenance under either option.
The tax regime is:
• Tax depreciation allowances can be claimed on purchased assets.
• If leased using a finance lease, tax relief can be claimed on the interest element of the lease payments and also on the accounting depreciation charge.
The trainee management accountant has begun evaluating the lease versus buy decision and has produced the following data. He is not confident that all this information is relevant to this decision.
Using only the relevant data, which of the following is correct?
A company is in the process of issuing a 10 year $100 million bond and is considering using an interest rate swap to change the interest profile on some or all of the $100 million new finance.
The company has a target fixed versus floating rate debt profile of 1:1. Before issuing the bond its debt profile was as follows:
Which of the following is the most appropriate interest rate swap structure for the company?
It is now 1 January 20X0.
Company V, a private equity company, is considering the acquisition of 40% of the equity of Company A for a total amount of $15 million.
Company A has been established to develop a new type of engine which will be launched at the end of 20X1. Company A is forecasting that the new engine will result in free cash flows to equity of $2m in its first year of operation and that this will rise by 8% per year for the foreseeable future.
The new engine is the only commercial activity that Company A is involved in.
Company V intends to sell its stake in Company A when the new engine is launched.
Company A has a cost of equity of 12%.
Assuming that Company V receives an amount that reflects the present value of their shares in company A. what is the estimated annual rate of return to Company V from this investment? (To the nearest %)
When valuing an unlisted company, a P/E ratio for a similar listed company may be used but adjustments to the P/E ratio may be necessary.
Which THREE of the following factors would justify a reduction in the proxy p/e ratio before use?
Company A, a listed company, plans to acquire Company T, which is also listed.
Additional information is:
• Company A has 150 million shares in issue, with market price currently at $7.00 per share.
• Company T has 120 million shares in issue,. with market price currently at $6.00 each share.
• Synergies valued at $50 million are expected to arise from the acquisition.
• The terms of the offer will be 2 shares in A for 3 shares in T.
Assuming the offer is accepted and the synergies are realised, what should the post-acquisition price of each of Company A's shares be?
Give your answer to two decimal places.
Company ACC. an ungeared car manufacturer has launched a takeover bid of Company BDD. a key competitor operating in the same industry Company BDD has high gearing Company ACC has a large surplus cash balance and believes that the acquisition is an opportunity to enhance shareholder wealth through the realisation of synergistic benefits. Which THREE of the following would most likely be synergistic benefits to Company ACC of purchasing Company BDD9 I
On 1 January 20X1 a company entered into a S200 million interest rate swap with a bank at a fixed rate of 4% against the 6-month risk-free rate to hedge the interest rale risk on a floating rate borrowing.
6-month risk-free rate was as follows:
What is the net settlement due under the swap contract on 1 July 20X1?
Company Z has identified four potential acquisition targets: companies A, B, C and D.
Company Z has a current equity market value of $590 million.
The price it would have to pay for the equity of each company is as follows:
Only one of the target companies can be acquired and the consideration will be paid in cash.
The following estimations of the new combined value of Company Z have been prepared for each acquisition before deduction of the cash consideration:
Ignoring any premium paid on acquisition, which acquisition should the directors pursue?
CI IJ has decided to move its production plant to overseas country X. This would make the product cheaper to produce. The technology used to make the product is very advanced and some of the skilled staff would have to move to country X.
The Production Director has identified that there are some political risks in moving to county X.
For each of the political risks of moving to country X shown below, select the correct method for reducing the risk.
Which THREE of the following long term changes are most likely to increase the credit rating of a company?
Company A is subject to a takeover bid from Company B, both companies operate in the same industry and each of them demand a significant market share Company B h3S made an of an of $5 per share to the shareholders of Company A.
The directors of Company A do not believe the takeover would be in the best interests of the stakeholders and other stakeholders of Company A due to the following reruns
1. Company B has recently taken ever several ether companies resulting in them breaking up the company and se ling on the assets.
2 The directors of Company A believe the offer of $5 per snare undervalues tie company
The directors of Company A are therefore keen to prevent the bid from going ahead
Which THREE of the following defence strategies could be used by the directors of Company Air this situation?
A company raised fixed rate bank finance together with an interest rate swap for the same term and same principal value to pay floating receive fixed rate interest on an annual basis.
Which THREE of the following statements are correct?
A company intends to sell one of its business units. Company W, by a management buyout (MBO). A selling price of S200 million has been agreed.
The managers are discussing with a bank and a venture capital company (VCC) the following financing proposal.
The VCC requires a minimum return on its equity investment In the MBO of 35% a year on a compound basis over 5 years. What is the minimum total equity value of Company W in 5 years time in order to meet the VCC's required return? Give your answer to one decimal place.
A company currently has a 5.25% fixed rate loan but it wishes to change the interest style of the loan to variable by using an interest rate swap directly with the bank.
The bank has quoted the following swap rate:
* 4.50% - 455% in exchange for Libor
Libor is currently 4%.
If the company enters into the swap and Libor remains at 4%. what will the company's interest cost be?
JAG and ZEB are two listed companies. JAG is approximately 20 times the size of ZEB.
10 days ago JAG made a hostile bid for ZEB. offering a share exchange.
The bid price represents a 10% profit to the shareholders of ZEB at today's market prices to reflect the high levels of synergistic benefits that JAG expects to realise from the transaction.
Which of the following is the greatest future threat to the post-transaction value for JAG?
Company M is a listed company in a highly technical service industry.
The directors are considering making a cash offer for the shares in Company Q, an unquoted company in the same industry.
Relevant data about Company Q:
• The company has seen consistent growth in earnings each year since it was founded 10 years ago.
• It has relatively few non-current assets.
• Many of the employees are leading experts in their field. A recent exercise suggested that the value of the company's human capital exceeded the value of its tangible assets.
The directors and major shareholders of Company Q have indicated willingness to sell the company.
Before negotiations become too advanced, the directors of Company M are considering the benefits to their company that would follow the acquisition.
Which THREE of the following are the most likely benefits of the acquisition to Company M's shareholders?
TTT pic is a listed company. The following information is relevant:
TTT pic's board is considering issuing new 6% irredeemable debt to re-purchase equity. This is expected to change TTT pic's debt to equity mix to 40: 60 by market value. The corporate tax rate is 20%.
What will be TTT pic's WACC following this change in capital structure?
The following information relates to Company ZZA's current capital structure:
Company ZZA is considering a change in the capital structure that will increase gearing to 35:65 (Debt Equity).
The risk-free rate is 4% and the return on the market portfolio is expected to be 12%.
The rate of corporate tax is 25%
Using the Capital Asset Pricing Model, calculate the cost of equity resulting from the proposed change to the capital structure.
Company A plans to acquire Company B.
Both firms operate as wholesalers in the fashion industry, supplying a wide range of ladies' clothing shops.
Company A sources mainly from the UK, Company B imports most of its supplies from low-income overseas countries.
Significant synergies are expected in management costs and warehousing, and in economies of bulk purchasing.
Which of the following is likely to be the single most important issue facing Company A in post-merger integration?
Two unlisted companies TTT and YYY are being valued. The companies have similar capital structures and risk profiles and operate in the same industry sector It is easier to value TTT than to value YYY because there have recently been several well-publicised private sales of TTT shares.
Relevant company data:
What is the best estimate of YYY's share price?
Company A is located in Country A, where the currency is the A$.
It is listed on the local stock market which was set up 10 years ago.
It plans a takeover of Company B, which is located in Country B where the currency is the B$, and where the stock market has been operating for over 100 years.
Company A is considering how to finance the acquisition, and how the shareholders of Company B might respond to a share exchange or cash (paid in B$).
Which of the following is likely to explain why the shareholders of Company B would prefer a share exchange as opposed to a cash offer?
A company has a covenant on its 5% long-term bond, stipulating that its retained earnings must not fall below $2 million.
The company has 100 million shares in issue.
Its most recent dividend was $0.045 per share. It has committed to grow the dividend per share by 4% each year.
The nominal value of the bond is $60 million. It is currently trading at 80% of its nominal value.
Next year's earnings before interest and taxation are projected to be $11.25 million.
The rate of corporate tax is 20%.
If the company increases the dividend by 4%, advise the Board of Directors if the level of retained earnings will comply with the covenant?
Company J plans to acquire Company K, an unlisted company whose equity is to be valued using a P/E ratio approach.
A listed company has been identified which is very similar to Company K and which can be used as a proxy.
However, the growth prospects of Company K are higher than those of the proxy.
The Directors of Company J are aware that certain adjustments will be necessary to the proxy company's P/E ratio in order to obtain a more reliable valuation.
The following adjustments have been agreed:
• 20% due to Company K being unlisted.
• 15% to allow for the growth rate difference.
The total adjustment to the proxy p/e ratio is:
The directors of a financial services company need to calculate a valuation of their company’s equity in preparation for an upcoming initial Public Offering (IPO) of shares. At a recent board meeting they discussed the various methods of business valuation.
The Chief Executive suggested using a Price-earing (P./E) method of valuation, but the finance Director argued that a valuation based on forecast cash flows to equity would be more appropriate.
Which THREE of the following are advantages of valuation based on forecast cash flows to equity, compared to a valuating using a price earnings methods?
The directors of a unlisted manufacturing company have prepared a valuation of their company using the price-earning method.
Their calculation is:
Value if the company‘s equity = $6 million x 10 =$60 million where.
Which THREE of the following are weakness of this valuation?
A company's current earnings before interest and taxation are $5 million.
These are expected to remain constant for the forseeable future.
The company has 10 million shares in issue which currently trade at $3.60.
It also has a $10 million long term floating rate loan.
The current interest rate on this loan is 5%.
The company pays tax at 20%.
The company expects interest rates to increase next year to 6% and it's Price/Earnings (P/E) ratio to move to 9.5 times by the end of next year.
What percentage reduction in the share price will occur by the end of next year if the interest rate increase and the P/E movement both occur?
KKL is a listed sports clothing company with three separate business units. KKL is seeking to sell TT’, one of these business units
TTP cwns a new. brand of trail running shoes that have Droved hugely popular with lone distance runners. The management team of TTP are frustrated by the constraints imposes b/ KKL in managing tie brand and developing. the bus ness and they believe that TTF has huge growth potential.
The management team of TTP have approached KKL with a proposal to purchase 1~P through a management layout (MDO). KKL has accepted this proposal as TTP has not proved to be a good fit' with the rest of the business and has agreed on the selling price.
Which THREE of the following factors a-e mast Likely to affect the success of the MBO?
Providers of debt finance often insist on covenants being entered into when providing debt finance for companies.
Agreement and adherence to the specific covenants is often a condition of the loan provided by the lender.
Which THREE of the following statements are true in respect of covenants?
Company F's current profit before interest and taxation is $5.0 million.
It has a 10% long-term corporate bond in issue with a nominal value of $10 million.
Corporate tax is paid at 25%.
The industry average P/E multiple is 10.
Company X has made an approach to acquire the entire share capital of Company F for $30 million.
Company X has announced that anticipated synergies (after interest and taxation) arising from its acquisition of Company F will be $1 million each year in perpetuity.
Advise the Board of Directors of Company F if the bid should be accepted, based on the above information?
Company X is based in Country A, whose currency is the A$.
It trades with customers in Country B, whose currency is the B$.
Company X aims to maintain its revenue from exports to Country B at 25% of total revenue.
Company A has the following forecast revenue:
The forecast revenue from Country B has assumed an exchange rate of A$1/B$2, that is A$1 = B$2.
If the B$ depreciates against the A$ by 10%, the ratio of revenue generated from Country B as a percentage of total revenue will:
The Senior Management Team of ABC, an owner-managed, capital intensive start-up engineering business, is considering the options for its dividend policy. It has so far been a successful business and is expanding quickly Once in place, the Senior Management Team anticipates that its current investment plans will yield returns for many years to come The first agenda item at every meeting currently concerns arranging and funding new equipment and premises.
Which of the following dividend policies is likely to be the most suitable?
A company based in the USA has a substantial fixed rate borrowing at an interest rate of 3.5% and wishes to swap a part of this to a floating rate to take advantage of reducing interest rates Its bank has quoted swap rates of 3 4%-3 5% against 12-month USD risk-free rate.
What is the overall interest rate achieved by the company under this borrowing plus swap combination?
An entity prepares financial statements to 31 December each year. The following data applies:
1 December 20X0
• The entity purchased some inventory for $400,000.
• In order to protect the inventory against adverse changes in fair value the entity entered into a futures contract to sell the inventory for a fixed price on 31 January 20X1.
• The entity designated this contract as a fair value hedge of the value of the inventory.
31 December 20X0
• The inventory had a fair value of $480,000 and the futures contract had a fair value of $75,000 (a financial liability).
What will be the impact on the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December 20X0 in respect of the change in the value of the inventory and the futures contract?
Modigliani and Miller are the main proponents of the view that the dividend policy is irrelevant to the value of a company's shares.
They argue that a company that continually reinvests its entire earnings would generate the same shareholder wealth if it engaged in a policy of high dividends and financed its expansion with funds obtained from rights issues.
Which THREE of the following statements are assumptions that are required in order to support this proposition?
ZZZ wishes to borrow at a floating rate and has been told that it can use swaps to reduce the effective interest rate it pays. ZZZ can borrow floating at the risk-free rate + 1, and fixed at 10%.
Which of the following companies would be the most appropriate for ZZZ to enter into a swap with?
XCV can borrow at either 9.5% fixed or the risk-free rate plus 1.3%.
XCV wishes to borrow at a variable rate and thinks that a swap may enable it to do so cheaply
BNM can borrow the same principal sum as XCV It can borrow at 10 5% fixed or the risk-free rate plus 2 1 % BNM wishes to raise fixed rate debt
XCV and BNM have agreed to use an interest rate swap They will share any savings equally
Calculate the effective swap rate that will be paid by XCV.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
Company A is planning to acquire Company B. Both companies are listed and are of similar size based on market capitalisation No approach has yet been made to Company B's shareholders as the directors of Company A are undecided about the most suitable method of financing the offer Two methods are under consideration a share exchange or a cash offer financed by debt.
Company A currently has a gearing ratio (debt to debt plus equity) of 30% based on market values. The average gearing ratio (debt to debt plus equity) for the industry is 50% Although no formal offer has been made there have been market rumours of the proposed bid. which is seen as favorable to Company A. As a consequence. Company As share price has risen over the past few weeks while Company B's share price has fallen.
Which THREE of the following statements are most likely to be correct?
AA is considering changing its capital structure. The following information is currently relevant to AA:
The gearing rating raising the new debt finance will be 50%.
Which THREE of the following statement about the impact of AA’s change in capital structure are true under Modigliani and Miler’s capital structure theory with tax.
Company A is identical in all operating and risk characteristics to Company B, but their capital structures differ.
Company B is all-equity financed. Its cost of equity is 17%.
Company A has a gearing ratio (debt:equity) of 1:2. Its pre-tax cost of debt is 7%.
Company A and Company B both pay corporate income tax at 30%.
What is the cost of equity for Company A?
A venture capitalist is most likely to take which THREE of the following exit routes?
Which three of the following are most likely be primary objectives for a newly established, unincorporated entity in the service sector?
The Board of Directors of a small listed company engaged in exploration are currently considering the future dividend policy of the company. Exploration is considered a high-risk business and consequently the company has a low level of debt finance.
Forecasts indicate a period of profit fluctuation in the next few years as the company is planning to embark on a major capital investment project. Debt finance is unlikely to be available due to the project's high business risk.
Which THREE of the following are practical considerations when determining the company's dividend/retention policy?
Company Z has just completed the all-cash acquisition of Company A.
Both companies operate in the advertising industry.
The market considered the acquisition a positive strategic move by Company Z.
Which THREE of the following will the shareholders of Company Z expect the company's directors to prioritise following the acquisition?
A company needs to raise $20 million to finance a project.
It has decided on a rights issue at a discount of 20% to its current market share price.
There are currently 20 million shares in issue with a nominal value of $1 and a market price of $5 per share.
Calculate the terms of the rights issue.
Listed company R is in the process of making a cash offer for the equity of unlisted company S.
Company R has a market capitalisation of $200 million and a price/earnings ratio of 10.
Company S has a market capitalisation of $50 million and earnings of $7 million.
Company R intends to offer $60 million and expects to be able to realise synergistic benefits of $20 million by combining the two businesses. This estimate excludes the estimated $8 million cost of integrating the two businesses.
Which of the following figures need to be used when calculating the value of the combined entity in $ millions?
A listed company plans to raise $350 million to finance a major expansion programme.
The cash flow projections for the programme are subject to considerable variability.
Brief details of the programme have been public knowledge for a few weeks.
The directors are considering two financing options, either a rights issue at a 20% discount to current share price or a long term bond.
The following data is relevant:
The company's share price has fallen by 5% over the past 3 months compared with a fall in the market of 3% over the same period.
The directors favour the bond option.
However, the Chief Accountant has provided arguments for a rights issue.
Which TWO of the following arguments in favour of a right issue are correct?
The Government of Eastland is concerned that competition within its private healthcare industry is being distorted by the dominant position of the market leader, Delta Care. The Government has instructed the industry regulator to investigate whether the industry is operating fairly in the interests of patients.
Which of the following factors might the industry regulator review as part of their investigation?
Select ALL that apply.
Integrated reporting is designed to make visible the capitals on which the organisation depends, and how the organisation uses those capitals to create value in the short, medium and long term
Which THREE of the following capitals are specifically identified in the Integrated Reporting
Company U has made a bid for the entire share capital of Company B.
Company U is offering the shareholders in Company B the option of either a share exchange or a cash alternative.
Advise the shareholders in Company B which THREE of the following would be considered disadvantages of accepting the cash consideration?
Which THREE of the following non-financial objectives would be most appropriate for a listed company in the food retailing industry?
Company M plans to bid for Company J. Company M has 20 million shares in issue and a current share price of $10.00 before publicly announcing the planned takeover. Company J has 10 million shares in issue and a current share price of $4.00.
The directors of Company M are considering an all-share bid of 1 Company M shares for 2 Company J shares.
Synergies worth $20m are expected from the acquisition.
What is the likely change in wealth for Company M's shareholders (in total) if the bid is accepted?
Give your answer to the nearest $ million.
$ ? million
Which TIIRCC of the following are most likely to reduce the long term credit rating co a company?
A company has a cash surplus which it wishes to distribute to shareholders by a share repurchase rather than paying a special dividend.
Which THREE of the following statements are correct?
A company has an opportunity to invest in a positive net present value project, but the project would require debt finance that would push the company's gearing ever a limit imposed by a debt covenant on an existing loan.
Which THREE of the following actions could be taken by the company?
Company S is planning to acquire Company T.
The shareholders in Company T will receive new shares in Company S in an all-share consideration.
Relevant information:
The shareholders in Company T want sufficient shares to receive a 25% premium on the pre-acquisition value of their shares, based on the pre-acquisition share price.
Which of the following share-for-share offers will achieve the desired result?
The Board of Directors of Company T is considering a rights issue to fund a new investment opportunity which has a zero NPV.
The Board of Directors wishes to explain to shareholders what the theoretical impact on their wealth will be as a result of different possible actions during the rights issue.
Which THREE of the following statements in respect of theoretical shareholder wealth are true?
A listed company has recently announced a profit warning.
The company's share price fell 20% on the day of the announcement but had been fairly static in the weeks leading up to the announcement.
Which form of efficient market is most likely to be indicated by this share price movement?
Which THREE of the following remain unchanged over the life of a 10 year fixed rate bond?
Company A is planning to acquire Company B.
Company A's managers think they can improve the performance of Company B to the extent that its own P/E ratio should be applied to Company B's earnings.
Relevant Data:
What is the expected synergy if the acquisition goes ahead?
Give your answer to the nearest $ million.
$ ? million
Which THREE of the following long term changes are most likely to increase the credit rating of a company?
A listed company plans to raise new capital which will be required for future investment projects. The company has a gearing ratio of 50%, which is just below the company's target ratio.
The directors are comparing the benefits and drawbacks of each of the following two alternative sources of finance;
• Unsecured bank borrowings.
• Convertible bonds.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A company's Board of Directors wishes to determine a range of values for its equity.
The following information is available:
Estimated net asset values (total asset less total liabilities including borrowings):
• Net book value = $20 million
• Net realisable value = $25 million
• Free cash flows to equity = $3.5 million each year indefinitely, post-tax.
• Cost of equity = 10%
• Weighted Average Cost of Capital = 7%
Advise the Board on reasonable minimum and maximum values for the equity.
A company based in Country D, whose currency is the D$, has an objective of maintaining an operating profit margin of at least 10% each year.
Relevant data:
• The company makes sales to Country E whose currency is the E$. It also makes sales to Country F whose currency is the F$.
• All purchases are from Country G whose currency is the G$.
• The settlement of all transactions is in the currency of the customer or supplier.
Which of the following changes would be most likely to help the company achieve its objective?
BBA is a wholly owned subsidiary of AAB BBA operates in country B where the currency is the B$.
The following is an extract from BBA's financial statements at 31 December 20X1:
The following Information is relevant:
" The bonds were trading at $110 per $100 on 31 December 20X1. "Operating profit of BBA for the year ended 31 December 20X1 was S15 million
• The P/E ratio is 8
* Corporate income tax rate is 20%.
The tax authorities m country B Implemented thin capitalisation rules based on the level of gearing of the subsidiary, calculated as book value o( debt lo book value of equity The cut-off point for gearing used by the tax authorities for a company to be thinly capitalised is 75%.
Which of the following statements is correct as at 31 December 20X1?
Company C is a listed company. It is currently considering the acquisition of Company D. The original founder of Company C currently owns 52% of the shares.
Alternative forms of consideration for Company D being considered are as follows:
• Cash payment, financed by new borrowing
• issue of new shares in Company C
Which of the following is an advantage of a cash offer over a share-for exchange from the viewpoint of the original founder of Company C?
The directors of a multinational group have decided to sell off a loss-making subsidiary and are considering the following methods of divestment:
1. Trade sale to an external buyer
2. A management buyout (MBO)
The MBO team and the external buyer have both offered the same price to the parent company for the subsidiary.
Which of the following is an advantage to the parent company of opting for a MBO compared to a trade sale as the preferred method of divestment?
A new company was set up two years ago using the personal financial resources of the founders.
These funds were used to acquire suitable premises.
The company has entered into a long-term lease on the premises which are not yet fully fitted out.
The founders are considering requesting loan finance from the company's bank to fund the purchase of custom-made advanced technology equipment.
No other companies are using this type of equipment.
The company expects to continue to be profitable for the forseeable future.
It re-invests some of its surplus cash in on-going essential research and development.
Which THREE of the following features are likely to be considered negatives by the bank when assessing the company's credit-worthiness?
Company A plans to acquire Company B in a 1-for-1 share exchange.
Pre-acquisition information is as follows:
Post-acquisition information is as follows:
If the acquisition proceeds, what is the expected percentage increase in the post acquisition share price of Company A?
Using the CAPM, the expected return for a company is 11%. The market return is 8% and the risk free rate is 2%.
What does the beta factor used in this calculation indicate about the risk of the company?
Company A operates in country A and uses currency AS. It is looking to acquire Company B which operates in country B and uses currency B$. The following information is relevant:
The assistant accountant at Company A has prepared the following valuation of company B's equity, however there are some errors in his calculations.
Value of Company B's equity = 14.16 + 16.03 + 17.67 = AS47.86 million
Company B has BS5 million of debt finance.
Which of the following THREE statements are true?
The directors of the following four entities have been discussing dividend policy:
Which of these four entities is most likely to have a residual dividend policy?
A large, listed company in the food and household goods industry needs to raise $50 million for a period of up to 6 months.
It has an excellent credit rating and there is almost no risk of the company defaulting on the borrowings. The company already has a commercial paper programme in place and has a good relationship with its bank.
Which of the following is likely to be the most cost effective method of borrowing the money?
TESTED 25 Apr 2024
